Pneumococcal disease, immunisation and your family what is pneumococcal disease. The valent pneumococcal vaccine was introduced in the routine immunization schedule of the uk in april 2010. Because in recent years antibioticresistant pneumococcal strains have been emerging throughout the world, vaccination against pneumococcal infections has become more urgent. The capsule is the most important virulence factor of s. Phe pneumococcal guideline green book chapter 25 phe. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants, young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus. Infection usually starts with a colonising event in the nose and throat, which is asymptomatic, and most infections do not amount to anything. Hps website green book chapter on immunisation updated. Immunology and vaccinepreventable diseases pink book.
Uk immunisation policy and guidance today is published online in the immunisation against infectious disease, known as the green book. Immunisation against infectious disease the green book latest. The objective of the immunisation programme is to protect all of those for whom pneumococcal infection is likely to be more common andor serious, i. In addition, recent surveillance data in europe suggest that reductions in invasive disease due to s. The number of primary doses of meningococcal c vaccine was also reduced to 2, thereby enabling all antigens to be given. The disease is caused by the bacterium, streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus. It is estimated to kill around one million people worldwide every year. Pneumococcal immunisation can help prevent a number of serious complications of pneumococcal disease including. The new uk immunisation schedule from september 2006 the new uk schedule represents a significant step forward. People can get pneumococcal disease more than once. Challenges in immunisation against bacterial infection in. Recommendations for the use of pneumococcal vaccine phe.
Also find service guides and business rules for payment countread codes. As such, they prevent many serious cases of the disease. The 7 and valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines pcv7 and pcv were introduced into the national expanded program on immunization epi in south africa in 2009 and 2011, respectively. The vaccine does not contain any live bacteria, and cannot cause pneumococcal disease. Specific antibodies and cellmediated responses are induced for all infections, but the magnitude and quality of these two components vary in different infections. Immunocompromised children have a higher risk of developing infections and associated higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Pneumococcal immunisation against infectious disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of acute otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Data sources include ibm watson micromedex updated 10 apr 2020, cerner multum updated 6 apr. Immunisation prepares the body to fight serious infections that might happen in the future. Lifestyle risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease. While pneumococcal disease can occur at any time, infections seem to be more common during winter and spring. Infant immunisation with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. You should consider pneumococcal immunisation if you are aged over 65 years or have certain diseases of the lung, heart, kidney, liver and nervous system.
Apart from the provision of clean water, vaccines have had a more profound effect on world health, especially of children, than any other public health measure. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. Help for general practices wishing to understand the purpose of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination programme. Mar 20, 20 pneumococcal immunisation information for public health. Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae also called pneumococcus s. Introduction pneumococcal vaccination is an important preventive health care measure that substantially reduces the burden of pneumococcal disease in vaccinated individuals and in the population. Pneumococcal immunisation programme objectives to protect all of those for whom pneumococcal infection is likely to be more common andor serious, i. New vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal infections. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination programme nhs digital. Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by a bacterium that usually lives harmlessly at the back of many peoples throats. Ppv can safely be given at the same time as the seasonal flu vaccine and the shingles vaccine.
The uk pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv immunisation programme for children has successfully achieved high levels of population herd protection for all age groups. Young babies are very vulnerable to infections, so they need to be protected as early as possible. The immunisation, hepatitis, and blood safety department, where mer and snl are employees, provides vaccine manufactures including glaxosmithkline and pfizer with postmarketing surveillance reports on vaccine preventable diseases, including pneumococcal infections, which the companies are required to submit to the uk licensing authority in. It provides some protection against one of the most common causes of meningitis, and against other conditions such as severe ear infections and pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria. The two pneumococcal vaccines used in the national immunisation program nip are prevenar and pneumovax 23. Your child needs several different vaccines to be fully protected, so its important to complete their childhood immunisation programme. Immunisation is the key to the health of our children. However, only a small fraction of all capsular types are common causes of pneumococcal infections. No authors listed 1 in france, before widespread infant immunisation with the 7valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, there were about deaths a year and about 145 cases of pneumococcal meningitis, often with serious sequelae. The timetable for immunisations against various pathogens, as jointly recommended by the nhs and the uk department of health. Based on this, coeliac uks health advisory council has made recommendations around pneumococcal infection, influenza and meningococcal a,c,w,y for people with coeliac disease. This vaccine protects babies against the most common types of pneumococcal disease. Where possible, pneumococcal vaccination should be completed at least two weeks prior to surgery, to allow a protective immune response to develop.
Phe pneumococcal guideline green book chapter 25 phedh. The 7valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has shown to be effective for healthy preterm and low birth weight infants in the original efficacy trial. There are two different pneumococcal vaccines to prevent pneumococcal infections. Shingles, influenza and pneumococcal immunisation programmes 2017. These two components of specific immunity are closely related to each other, and t cells interact with b cells in the production of antibodies against most antigens. Pneumococcal disease a guide for general practitioners anyone can contract pneumococcal disease, though some groups are at heightened risk. Pneumococcal immunisation information for public health professionals. The capsule helps the bacterium escape the host defense mechanisms. It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a carrier protein to improve antibody response. Chapter 11 of the green book, which addresses immunisation in the uk for. Generally, people do not develop pneumococcal disease after exposure to someone with a pneumococcal infection.
In some cases it will not be possible to complete the course prior to surgery. Prior to the routine conjugate vaccination, around 69% of invasive pneumococcal infections were caused by the ten 14, 9v, 1, 8, 23f, 4, 3, 6b. Pneumococcal vaccination does not protect against pneumonia caused by microbes other than pneumococcus bacteria, nor does it protect against pneumococcal bacterial strains not included in the vaccine. These 23 types cause about 9 out of every 10 infections caused by pneumococcus bacteria. Pneumococcal disease immunisation better health channel. Antibody response may be reduced in those with immunological impairment and those with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. New vaccines have been introduced against meningococcal group c and pneumococcal infections which are the cause of serious diseases. Effectiveness of 23valent polysaccharide pneumococcal. Since the last edition of immunisation against infectious disease the green. Feb 18, 2020 pneumococcus can cause diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and blood infections. Immunity and how vaccines work immunisation against. Chapter 25 pneumococcal anuary 2018 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppv most healthy adults develop a good antibody response to a single dose of ppv by the third week following immunisation. Pneumococcal australian government department of health.
Immunisation of individuals with underlying medical conditions. The recommendations on advice to give about pneumococcal immunization are based on information in the chapter on vaccine safety and adverse effects following immunization in immunisation against infectious disease the green book published by public health england phe, and are pragmatic, based on what cks considers to be good clinical. Immunisation policy for the uk is available in immunisation against infectious diseases the green book. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine.
Sep 11, 20 the green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. Administration of 23valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppv. Since 1992, pneumococcal polysaccharide immunisation see below has been. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppsvknown as pneumovax 23 ppv23is the first pneumococcal vaccine derived from a capsular polysaccharide, and an important landmark in medical history. Pneumococcal immunisation health protection public. Two centuries of immunisation in the uk part ii archives. In children less than 5 years of age, pneumococcus is the most common bacterial cause of. Immunisation of the immunocompromised child sciencedirect. Cdc does not recommend that close contacts of someone with pneumococcal disease receive antibiotics to prevent them from getting sick.
Pneumococcal disease prevention through vaccination cdc. The polysaccharide antigens were used to induce typespecific antibodies that enhanced opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing of streptococcus pneumoniae. Since the last edition of immunisation against infectious disease the green book, the immunisation programme has seen a number of changes, to both the vaccination schedule and to peoples attitudes to vaccination. The capsular polysaccharide vaccine that has been available is neither immunogenic. The list of the most common groupstypes 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 18, 19, and 23 that cause new vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal. Costeffectiveness studies from highincome countries are not. Shingles, influenza and pneumococcal immunisation programmes. Infections caused by the encapsulated bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae type b hib and neisseria meningitidis meningococcus are important causes of childhood mortality worldwide. The pneumococcal vaccines given as an injection at your gp practice. This includes administering vaccinations included in the childhood immunisation programme and those recommended for adults, including travel vaccines and the annual influenza vaccination. Infection usually starts with a colonising event in the nose and throat, which is asymptomatic, and most infections do not amount to anything beyond colonisation. It is important that immunisation should not delay the cochlear implantation. Household and close contacts of immunosuppressed individuals may also require additional vaccines see below.
Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the. Although this group could benefit the most from vaccine administration, specific considerations regarding immunisations are required. Pneumococcal immunisation information for public health. Pneumococcal vaccine for adults immunisation scotland. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv which is given to all babies as part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule. One of the best ways to protect your baby against diseases like measles, rubella, tetanus and meningitis is through immunisation. For more information on pneumococcal immunisation, see pneumococcal immunisation service. Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae also called pneumococcus. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination programme nhs. Streptococcus pneumoniae also known as the pneumococcus. The planned introduction of the serotypebased pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv is expected to avert child deaths, but the high cost of pcv relative to current vaccines provided under the universal immunization programme has been a concern. More than 14 million episodes of serious pneumococcal disease and about 800,000 deaths in children under the.
It is reassuring to note that of the 80 different serotypes, the vast majority of infections are caused by the 23 serotypes contained in the vaccine. Pneumococcal pneumonia causes an estimated 105 000 child deaths in india annually. Household and close contacts of immunosuppressed individuals may also require. This vaccine protects against 23 types of pneumococcal disease including those. Phe pneumococcal guideline green book chapter 25 guidelines. Practitioners should refer to the public health england green book chapter when. Older people are especially at risk of death from this disease. The australian immunisation handbook provides clinical advice for health professionals on the safest and most effective use of vaccines in their practice. Your baby needs their first injections at eight weeks, then 12 weeks, 16 weeks and one year. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the bacterium.
The polysaccharide antigens were used to induce typespecific antibodies that enhanced opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing of streptococcus. Children aged under 2 years should receive the vaccine. Prior to the introduction of pcv7 into the childhood immunisation programme in 2006, there were 6,354 confirmed cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in england and wales during the 200506 epidemiological year, with an estimated incidence of 11. Pneumococcal disease immunisation better health channel subject immunisation can substantially reduce the risk of pneumococcal disease, especially in young children. Antibodies to some pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides may crossreact with related types as well as with other bacteria, providing protection against additional serotypes. Immunisation public health royal college of nursing. Wherever possible, immunisation or boosting of immunosuppressed or hivpositive. Changes to the childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv schedule from 6 th april 2020. Potential impact of introducing the pneumococcal conjugate. Pneumococcal vaccination is indicated for adults with risk factors for pneumococcal disease or for severe adverse outcomes should disease occur.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppv23 which is for those aged 65 years and older and those over 2 years with long term medical conditions. The australian q fever register stores information on the q fever immune status of individuals. Vaccination against pneumococcal disease is recommended for children and for adults at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. Immunisation schedule green book, uk bcg vaccination bordetella pertussis whooping cough vaccination diphtheria vaccination hepatitis b vaccination and prevention hib. Pneumococcal disease is also an important cause of pneumonia in adults 65 years of age or over. Methods medline 1946may 2012 and embase 1947may 2012 were searched for studies investigating alcohol or smoking as risk factors for acquiring ipd and. Pneumococcal vaccines protect you from getting infected with many of the common strains of pneumococcal bacteria. Pneumococcal disease refers to a number of different types of infection due to the bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae also called pneumococcus. Pneumococcus can cause diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and blood infections. Ppv pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine vaccine knowledge.
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